Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in Groundwater Exploration
Dear readers and students, in this article, I will try to explain NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). The first NMR signal was observed in 1945 by two independent groups of physicists: one led by Felix Bloch and the other by Edward Mills Purcell. This discovery earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952. Entering Europe in the 1960s, NMR gained worldwide acceptance in medicine, chemistry, geophysics, biochemistry, and physics. We can briefly explain this phenomenon, known as MRI in medicine, as follows:
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It is the measurement of the radio frequency response of protons in an atomic nucleus when subjected to a specific magnetic field. Since our specialty is water exploration, we focus on H-NMR. We use the Hydrogen atom, which consists of 1 Proton and 0 Neutrons. The gyromagnetic ratio of Hydrogen is 2.674 (10⁸ s⁻¹ T⁻¹). For an element to be NMR active, its spin quantum number must be I > 0. The magnetic moment of the nucleus precesses around the external magnetic field at a specific frequency called the Larmor Frequency.
We can determine water yield by relaxation times (Rs):
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<30ms: Low flow.
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30-100ms: Medium flow.
- 100-400ms: High flow
- 500ms: Very high flow. .
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